Portuguese Validation of the Grit-S scale for the sport context / Validación Portuguesa de la escala Grit-S para el contexto del deporte / Validação portuguesa da escala Grit-S para o contexto do desporto

El grit implica una actitud apasionada y persistente, ser capaz de mantener el enfoque y la determinación incluso frente a obstáculos y fracasos. La perseverancia en el esfuerzo contribuye al logro de la maestría y la consistencia en los intereses promueve el compromiso con la práctica deliberada en prol de la excelencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la Escala Portuguesa Grit-S en el contexto del deporte. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 446 atletas federados (328 hombres y 190 mujeres; edad M = 17,60 años; SD = 6,27). Después de eliminar un ítem de la Grit-S, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la escala de estructura de dos factores es aceptable en la muestra portuguesa. El modelo de medición comprobó su invariabilidad en función del género. Asimismo, encontramos una correlación negativa significativa entre la consistencia de los intereses y la perseverancia en el esfuerzo. En conclusión, la versión portuguesa de la escala reducida del Grit (Grit-S), adaptada para el contexto deportivo, presentó dos factores con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser aplicados en este contexto. Por lo tanto, puede ser aplicable y útil en contextos deportivos de habla portuguesa por parte de entrenadores y psicólogos. (AU)

Grit involves a passion and persistent attitude and being able to sustain focus and determination even in the face of obstacles and failures.Perseverance in effort contributes to the achievement of mastery and consistency in interests promotes the commitment to deliberate practice in pursuit of excellence. The goal of the study was to validate the Portuguese Short Grit Scale specifically within the context of sports.The researchers gathered a sample of 446 federated athletes(328 males and 190 females; M age = 17,60 years; SD = 6,27). After removing one item from the Grit–S, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the scale is appropriate in the Portuguese context. The measurement model was found be invariant in function of gender. Additionally, we found a significant negative correlation between consistency of interests and persistence. This suggests that the adapted Portuguese Short Grit Scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be used by coaches and sport psychologists to assess grit among portuguese athletes. (AU)

O grit envolve paixão e uma atitude persistente, bem como a capacidade de mantero foco e a determinação apesar dos obstáculos e das falhas. A perseverança no esforço contribui para a conquista da mestria e a consistência nos interesses promove o compromisso com a prática deliberada em prol da excelência. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar a versão reduzida da escala portuguesa de Grit (Grit-S) no contexto do desporto. A amostra foi constituída por 446 atletas federados (328 homens e 190 mulheres; idade M = 17,60 anos; DP = 6,27. O modelo de medida revelou ser invariante em função do sexo. Encontramos uma correlação negativa significativa entre a consistência de interesses e a perseverança no esforço. Em suma, a versão portuguesa da escala de Grit (Grit-S) adaptada para o contexto desportivo, apresentou dois fatores com propriedades psicométricas adequadas-possibilitando a sua aplicação em contextos desportivos de língua portuguesa, por treinadores e psicólogos do desporto. (AU)

Movement, Play, and Games-An Essay about Youth Sports and Its Benefits for Human Development.

The acknowledgment of the qualities and features of the world is made through the body, movement, and imagination. During their development, children learn new skills, complexify their thoughts, and become more autonomous. The progressive increase in motor repertoire in children reflects a more unified and solid self. Nowadays, there is a generalized restriction of the movement of children. It starts at home when parents establish rigid and/or phobic attachments with their children; it can be also observed at school which is more and more based on rigid learning rhythms and obsessive ideas about students' performance, and finally in urban areas where free and outdoor play has considerably decreased during recent decades. The current lifestyles in Western societies resulted in a decrease in play among children. The culture influences the dominant types of psychopathology and, during childhood, mental suffering is often expressed with the increase (turmoil) or decrease (inhibition) of the body movement. Sports are underpinned by movement and play; they are a powerful tool in health promotion and an excellent way to assign meaning to movement. This work is an essay about the importance of play and youth sports in child development.

Psychometric Properties of the Spontaneity Assessment Inventory-Revised (SAI-R): The 3-Factor Hypothesis.

Spontaneity and its connections to mental health and wellbeing are a central issue in both theory and practice of psychodrama, and the specialized literature sometimes even associates the presence of pathology to a lack of spontaneity. This paper describes spontaneity in Moreno's theory, its assessment, its association with other measures and concepts, and scientific advances in the field. Specifically, we present results obtained with the English and Portuguese-language versions concerning its assessment. The main purpose of this work was to study the spontaneity measure (SAI-R) in a 3 first-order factors version for a Portuguese sample of 439 subjects, divided into two independent samples. The mean age of participants was 25.6 years (SD = 10.2), and ages ranged between 18 and 64 years. Data was collected through an online platform of a Portuguese market research company. The results revealed that the 3-factor model has acceptable validity for items 1 ("Creative") and 7 ("Euphoric"), confirming the composite reliability, the convergent validity, but not the discriminant validity. Through multi-group analysis, the model proved to be stable. Notwithstanding the need for complementary studies, including clinical samples, the SAI-R is a short and valid instrument in clinical and non-clinical contexts when evaluating spontaneity.

Emerging Qualitative Research Trends (2010-2021) on Sedentary Behaviour among Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review Protocol.

In recent years, research on sedentary behaviour has increased. In this regard, there is a need for theoretical reviews that allow us to determine the past, analyse the present, and prepare the future of research in this field. The purpose of this review paper was to analyse and organise the emerging qualitative research trends (2010-2021) on the sedentary behaviour of older adults. A systematic literature search strategy was developed in various electronic scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scielo, and Scopus). The included studies were required to have different qualitative methodological approaches in terms of data collection and methods of data analysis. Studies conducted in any country and published in a peer-reviewed journal in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were considered. A thematic analysis approach was used for data extraction and synthesis, and confidence in the results was assessed using the GRADE-CERQual approach. This study may enable accurate guidelines to be established for future primary qualitative research related to sedentary behaviour.

Modelo predictivo de los niveles de estrés y recuperación en nadadores de competición / Predictive model of stress levels and recovery in competitive swimmers

El presente estudio examinó los niveles de resiliencia, el optimismo disposicional y las estrategias de afrontamiento como predictores de los niveles de estrés-recuperación y aspectos correlaciónales asociados. 91 nadadores, con edades comprendidas entre 13 y 29 años (M = 15.73; DT = 2.62), participaron en el estudio cumplimentando la siguiente batería de cuestionarios: la Escala de Resiliencia (RS), la Escala de Orientación hacia la vida-Revisado (LOT-R), el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Afrontamiento en Competición Deportiva (ISCCS) y el Cuestionario de Estrés-Recuperación para Deportistas (RESTQ-Sport). El objetivo principal del estudio fue realizar un modelo predictivo del estrés y de la recuperación en una muestra de nadadores de competición. El modelo de regresión ajustado reveló asociación positiva entre la resiliencia y el optimismo disposicional con la utilización de estrategias orientadas a la tarea. Elevados niveles de resiliencia y optimismo se relacionaron con menores niveles de estrés y mayores de recuperación, siendo el modelo invariante al sexo. Nuestros hallazgos reflejan que la resiliencia, el optimismo disposicional y las estrategias de afrontamiento son características psicológicas que influyen en el estado de forma del deportista.(AU)

Refining the Short Version of the Leadership Scale for Sports: Factorial Validation and Measurement Invariance.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the short version of the Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS; Chelladurai & Saleh, 1980): coaches' perceptions of their own behavior, athletes' preferences and athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behavior. This validation will allow researchers to minimize time demands on participants. Three independent samples of athletes (n1 = 373; n2 = 817; n3 = 246) and two samples of coaches (n1 = 115; n2 = 351) were studied to examine the factorial validity and measurement invariance of the 25-item version of the LSS (LSS-25; Chiu et al., 2016). Findings indicated that a 15-item version (LSS-15) fits the data better than the LSS-25. The LSS-15 showed factorial validity and proved to have adequate reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that its factor structure was invariant across two independent samples and across gender for athletes' perceived and preferred versions. Significant relationships between the LSS-15 subscales and athlete satisfaction also demonstrate criterion validity. These findings support a valid and reliable alternative to the original LSS long-form, especially in applied settings when time constraints require a brief measure of leadership or when study designs include multiple variables.

Análise das qualidades psicométricas da versão portuguesa do Inventário de Avaliação da Espontaneidade (SAI-R) / Analysis of the psychometric qualities of the portuguese version of the Spontaneity Assessment Inventory (SAI-R) / Análisis de las cualidades psicométricas de la versión portuguesa del Inventario de Evaluación de la Espontaneidad (SAI-R)

A espontaneidade e as suas ligações à saúde mental e ao bem-estar são uma componente central quer na teoria quer na prática do psicodrama, e a literatura especializada associa a presença de patologia à falta de espontaneidade. Neste artigo, elencam-se alguns dos resultados obtidos em estudos em língua inglesa do SAI-R e apresentam-se os estudos da sua validação para a população portuguesa. Na validação do SAI-R para o contexto português, foi confirmada a estrutura fatorial com 719 sujeitos, distribuídos em duas amostras independentes. Os participantes tinham idades entre os 18 e os 69 anos. Por fim, foram testadas a fiabilidade compósita e a validade convergente, bem como a validade do tipo critério em duas amostras independentes (n 1ªamostra =348 e n 2ªamostra =371). Apesar de serem necessários mais estudos com populações clínicas, o SAI-R apresenta-se como um instrumento curto e válido para aplicar em contextos clínicos e não clínicos quando se pretende avaliar a espontaneidade (AU).

Spontaneity and its connections to mental health and wellbeing are a central theme in both the theory and practice of psychodrama, and the specialized literature sometimes even associates the presence of pathology with a lack of spontaneity. In this article, we list some of the results obtained in studies with the English-language version of the spontaneity scale and present its validation studies for the Portuguese population. We verified a factorial structure with 719 subjects, divided into two independent samples in the validation of the SAI-R for the Portuguese context. Participants had an age range of 18 to 69 years old. Furthermore, composite reliability, convergent validity, and cross validity were tested in two other independent samples (n sample1 =348 and n sample2 =371). Although further studies with clinical samples are needed, the SAI-R presents itself as a short and valid instrument to apply in clinical and non-clinical settings when assessing spontaneity (AU).

La espontaneidad y sus vínculos con la salud mental y el bienestar son una componente central tanto en la teoría como en la práctica del psicodrama, y la literatura especializada asocia la presencia de patología con la falta de espontaneidad. En este artículo se enumeran resultados obtenidos con la versión inglesa del SAI-R y se presentan estudios para su aplicación en la población portuguesa. En la validación del SAI-R para el contexto portugués, se confirmó la estructura factorial con 719 sujetos, distribuidos en dos muestras independientes. Los participantes tenían entre 18 y 69 años. Finalmente, se probaron la confiabilidad compuesta y la validez convergente, así como la validez cruzada en las dos muestras independientes (n muestra 1 = 348 y n muestra2 = 371). Aunque son necesarios más estudios con poblaciones clínicas, el SAI-R se presenta como un instrumento breve y válido para ser aplicado en contextos clínicos y no clínicos en la evaluación de la espontaneidad (AU).

Prevalence of Performance-Enhancing Substance Use and Associated Factors among Portuguese Gym/Fitness Users.

Background: Nowadays, doping is not confined to elite sport, it is also spread throughout gymnasia and fitness centers, and it is seen as a public health concern. Studies focusing on performance-enhancing substances (PES) use among gym users are few and mostly concern the practice of bodybuilding and the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), without providing information about social indicators to further explore why this specific population use these substances. Objectives: To investigate the extent of PES use and examine the way social indicators, exercise profile and gym modalities influence the use of these substances among a sample of gym users. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, among a convenience sample of 453 Portuguese gym users, recruited directly by five institutional gyms´ email and Facebook. Data were collected via a structured web-based survey, between October and November 2017. Multiple binary logistic regression, the Chi-Square test or Monte Carlo Simulation or Fisher's Exact test were used. The odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: 11,1% of gym users reported the use of prohibited PES, which varies significantly according to gender, education, exercise profile and type of practice. Gender was associated with the class of PES used. Polypharmacy was a common practice among users, increasing the risk of side-effects. Peer effect and media appear to be strikingly important in the misuse of PES. Conclusion: Results provide precise insight into the specific factors associated with PES use, which could support prevention strategies in gym/fitness context.

Psychometric properties of the Three-Dimensional Anxiety Scale for Sport (ETApE) through CFA and IRT approaches / Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala tridimensional de ansiedad para el deporte (ETApE) mediante los enfoques de CFA e IRT / Propriedades psicométricas da Escala Tridimensional de Ansiedade para o Esporte (ETApE) mediante abordagens de CFA e IRT

The present study aimed to improve and examine the reliability, evidence regarding internal structure and invariance of the ETApE, an anxiety trait scale for sport. The study sample was formed by 500 athletes from the south of Brazil, being 64% males, from different sports and competitive levels, ranging from international to local. To examine the psychometric properties of the measurement model, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood method was conducted and the composite reliability was assessed. Item parameters were analysed in light of the Item Response Theory (IRT). Moreover, the model’s invariance was tested and a latent means comparison according to gender was performed. The instrument presented good psychometric qualities that point to its validity regarding internal structure. Good indicators of reliability and factorial invariance were also achieved. A statistically significant difference was found in the three dimensions of the instrument according to gender. Women scored higher in cognitive and physiological anxiety and had lower score in the perceived control dimensión

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo perfeccionar y examinar la confiabilidad, las evidencias sobre la estructura interna y la invariancia de la ETApE, una escala de ansiedad traço para el deporte. La muestra del estudio fue formada por 500 atletas del sur de Brasil, siendo 64% hombres, de diferentes deportes y niveles competitivos, que van desde lo internacional a lo local. Para examinar las propiedades psicométricas del modelo de medición, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) con el método de máxima verosimilitud y se evaluó la confiabilidad compuesta. Los parámetros de los ítems fueron analizados a la luz de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Además, se probó la invariancia del modelo y se realizó una comparación de medios latentes, según el género. El instrumento presentó buenas cualidades psicométricas que apuntan a su validez sobre la estructura interna. También se lograron buenos indicadores de confiabilidad e invarianza factorial. Se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las tres dimensiones del instrumento según el sexo. Las mujeres obtuvieron una puntuación más alta en la ansiedad cognitiva y fisiológica y una puntuación más baja en la dimensión de control percibido

O presente estudo objetivou aprimorar e examinar a confiabilidade, as evidências relacionadas à estrutura interna e invariância da ETApE, uma escala de ansiedade traço para o esporte. A amostra do estudo foi formada por 500 atletas do sul do Brasil, sendo 64% do sexo masculino, de diferentes esportes e níveis competitivos, variando entre internacional e local. Para examinar as propriedades psicométricas do modelo de medida, uma análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) com método de máxima verossimilhança foi conduzida e a confiabilidade compósita foi avaliada. Os parâmetros dos itens foram analisados à luz da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Ademais, a invariância do modelo foi testada e uma comparação de médias latentes, em função do sexo, foi realizada. O instrumento apresentou boas propriedades psicométricas que apontam para sua validade relacionada à estrutura interna. Bons indicadores de confiabilidade e invariância também foram atingidos. Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada para as três dimensões do instrumento em função do sexo. As mulheres obtiveram escores mais altos em ansiedade cognitiva e fisiológica e escores mais baixos na dimensão de controle percebido

Physical Activity, Sports Practice, and Cognitive Functioning: The Current Research Status.

The evidence for the benefits of physical activity on cognitive functioning has increased in recent years. Although the relationship between these variables has been analyzed for decades, the development of evaluation techniques has resolved several issues and advanced this area of knowledge. Moreover, several authors have pointed out the association between the cognitive functioning of athletes and their performance in competition. These recent studies suggest that some specific cognitive abilities of athletes could help them become more effective and improve their chances of success. The objective of this paper was to identify the most relevant advances in these areas of study and to highlight more promising lines of research for the next few years. We have discussed findings from the application of different physical activity programs as well as the most significant cognitive performance variables for sports practice. The limitations of the findings were also discussed.

Body Composition and Cognitive Functioning in a Sample of Active Elders.

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationship between body composition and cognitive functioning in an elderly people's sample. A total of 106 older adults between the ages of 60 and 79 were involved in physical activity (M = 67.57; SD = 4.96). About 31.10% were men (n = 33) and 68.90% were women (n = 73). The instruments used to assess cognitive capacity were the Trail Making Test (forms A and B), the Stroop Test, and the Attention Test d2. The body composition of the participants was evaluated by electrical bioimpedance. Correlation analysis, linear regression (successive steps), and cluster analysis were carried out to analyze the relationships between the different measures. The results showed significant relationships between the analyzed variables. In addition, muscle mass predicted the cognitive functioning values. These results suggest that healthy lifestyles, including physical activity, are essential for well-being and quality of life in older people. In addition, it appears from the results found that it would be necessary for these lifestyles to contribute to preserving their level of physical condition, because of the possible impact it would have on their health.

Perceptions of Parenting Practices and Psychological Variables of Elite and Sub-Elite Youth Athletes.

Drawing from the model of parental involvement in sport, the overall purpose was to examine the associations of perceptions of parenting practices (encouragement, reinforcement, instruction, and role modeling) and athletes' psychological variables (self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, self-regulation, and intrinsic motivation) of elite and sub-elite youth athletes. Participants were elite (n = 210) and sub-elite (n = 635) athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (M age = 16.58, SD = 1.33). Structural equation modeling analysis revealed that young elite athletes' perceptions of sport-related parenting practices are associated with their psychological skills and performance level in sport. Specifically, in comparison with their sub-elite peers, perceptions of parental encouragement had a significantly different strong effect on intrinsic motivation. Moreover, perceptions of parental modeling revealed different effects on performance level, as well as on intrinsic motivation, and self-regulation. These perceptions of parenting practices may promote a positive learning environment, resulting in an increased likelihood of achieving a high level of sport performance in comparison with their sub-elite peers.

Efeitos psicossociais do Yoga: ouvir as vozes de professores de Yoga portugueses experientes / Los efectos psicosociales del Yoga: escuchar las voces de experimentados profesores portugueses de Yoga / Yoga and Psychosocial effects: listen to the voices of Portuguese Experienced Yoga Teachers

A maioria da investigação sobre os efeitos da prática do Yoga centra-se em estudos empíricos da área médica sendo escassos os estudos centrados nos seus efeitos psicossociais. Este estudo pretende conhecer as opiniões de professores experientes de yoga, portugueses, com muita experiência de prática e leccionação de Yoga, sobre os efeitos psicossociais da prática do yoga. Pretende-se conhecer em que medida o Yoga influenciou as suas vidas e relatar testemunhos que evidenciem a sua perceção. Utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas a dez professores, cinco de cada sexo, com idades entre os 40 e os 95 anos, dois com mais de 90 anos, todos com muita experiência prática (Manos= 45,8 e SD=16,47) e de lecionação (Manos =34,2 e SD=13,48). As entrevistas, individuais, foram gravadas e transcritas integralmente. O conteúdo dos dados foi analisado com o programa AtlasTi7 e realizou-se uma Análise Temática, com a divisão dos conteúdos em temas e categorias emergentes. Os resultados indicam que todos os professores consideram que a prática de Yoga tem efeitos psicossociais positivos, nomeadamente, a nível da melhoria do bem-estar físico e social, do bem-estar espiritual, do optimismo, da satisfação com a vida, da felicidade, da resiliência, da atenção plena e das auto-avaliações nucleares

La mayoría de las investigaciones sobre los efectos de la práctica del Yoga se centra en estudios empíricos de área médica y pocos estudios centrados en sus efectos psicosociales. Este estudio pretende conocer las opiniones de experimentados profesores de Yoga, portugués, con mucha experiencia en la práctica y enseñanza de Yoga, sobre los efectos psicosociales de la práctica del Yoga. Desea saber en qué medida el Yoga ha influido en sus vidas y testimonios de informes que prueben sus percepciones. Se utilizó una metodología cualitativa, entrevistas estructuradas con diez profesores, cinco de cada sexo, con edades entre 40 y 95 años, dos de ellos con más de 90 años, todos con mucha experiencia práctica (M= 45,8 y DT=16.47) y lecionação (M =34,2 y DT=13.48). Las entrevistas individuales fueron grabadas y transcritas en su totalidad. El contenido de los datos se analizaron con el programa AtlasTi7 y habiendo realizado un análisis temático, con la división del contenido en categorías y temas emergentes. Los resultados indican que todos los profesores creen que la práctica de Yoga tiene efectos psicosociales positivos, en particular, en el nivel de mejora del bienestar físico y social, bienestar espiritual, el optimismo, la satisfacción con la vida, la felicidad, la resiliencia le mindfulness y las auto-evaluaciones nucleares

A maioria da investigação sobre os efeitos da prática do Yoga centra-se em estudos empíricos da área médica sendo escassos os estudos centrados nos seus efeitos psicossociais. Este estudo pretende conhecer as opiniões de professores experientes de Yoga, portugueses, com muita experiência de prática e lecionação de Yoga, sobre os efeitos psicossociais da prática do Yoga. Pretende-se conhecer em que medida o Yoga influenciou as suas vidas e relatar testemunhos que evidenciem a sua perceção. Utilizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa, com entrevistas semiestruturadas a dez professores, cinco de cada sexo, com idades entre os 40 e os 95 anos, dois com mais de 90 anos, todos com muita experiência prática (M anos= 45,8 e DP=16,47) e de lecionação (M anos =34,2 e DP=13,48). As entrevistas, individuais, foram gravadas e transcritas integralmente. O conteúdo dos dados foi analisado com o Programa ATLASti 7 e realizou-se uma Análise Temática, com a divisão dos conteúdos em temas e categorias emergentes. Os resultados indicam que todos os professores consideram que a prática de Yoga tem efeitos psicossociais positivos, nomeadamente, a nível da melhoria do bem-estar físico e social, do bem-estar espiritual, do otimismo, da satisfação com a vida, da felicidade, da resiliência, da atenção plena e das autoavaliações nucleares

Determinantes psicossociais do comportamento sedentário dos idosos: estudo qualitativo / Determinantes psicosociales del comportamiento sedentario de adultos mayores: estudio cualitativo / Psychosocial determinants of sedentary behavior among older adults: qualitative study

Nos últimos anos verificou-se um aumento progressivo acerca da investigação sobre o comportamento sedentário. No entanto, as evidências ainda são escassas relativamente aos determinantes psicossociais do tempo sentado dos idosos. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar os fatores psicossociais que determinavam os diferentes comportamentos sedentários dos idosos, realizados em diferentes contextos. Participaram no estudo 20 idosos (M = 68 anos; DP = 1.6 anos) selecionados intencionalmente. Os dados foram recolhidos através de um guião de entrevista semiestruturada constituído por um conjunto evolutivo de questões e a análise dos dados seguiu um processo indutivo. Os resultados indicaram os seguintes determinantes psicossociais do comportamento sedentário dos idosos: força do hábito, comportamentos compensatórios, representação positiva dos comportamentos sedentários e o suporte social. Parece que os comportamentos sedentários dos idosos podem ser determinados por processos automáticos e intencionais. Os idosos também podem utilizar estratégias cognitivas com a intenção de compensar o tempo sentado através de comportamentos ativos. O suporte social dos idosos pode contribuir para a promoção do tempo sedentário e para a interrupção do mesmo. O entendimento dos fatores psicossociais constitui-se numa importante contribuição para a explicação do tempo sedentário dos idosos

En los últimos años se ha producido un aumento progresivo en la investigación sobre el comportamiento sedentario. Sin embargo, las evidencias empíricas todavía son escasas respecto a los determinantes psicosociales del tiempo sentado de adultos mayores. Así, el objetivo del estudio fue identificar y comprender los factores psicosociales que determinaban los diferentes comportamientos sedentarios de los ancianos. Participaron en el estudio 20 ancianos (M = 68 años, SD = 1,6 años) seleccionados intencionalmente. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de un guión de entrevista semiestructurado constituido por un conjunto evolutivo de cuestiones y el análisis de los datos siguió un proceso inductivo. Los resultados indicaron los siguientes determinantes psicosociales del comportamiento sedentario de los ancianos: fuerza del hábito, comportamientos compensatorios, representación positiva de los comportamientos sedentarios y el soporte social. Parece que los comportamientos sedentarios de los adultos mayores pueden ser determinados por procesos automáticos e intencionales. Los adultos mayores también pueden utilizar estrategias cognitivas con la intención de compensar el tiempo sentado a través de comportamientos activos y el soporte social de los adultos mayores puede contribuir a la promoción del tiempo sedentario o para la interrupción del mismo. De esta forma, el entendimiento de los factores psicosociales se constituye en una importante contribución a la explicación del tiempo sedentario de los adultos mayores

In recent years there has been a progressive research about sedentary behavior. However, the empirical evidence is still scarce regarding the psychosocial determinants of the siting time in older adults. Thus, the main purpose of the study was to identify and understand the psychosocial factors that determined the different sedentary behaviors of older adults. A total of 20 elderly persons, aged between 65 and 75 years (M = 68 years; SD = 1.6 years) participated in this study. The participants were selected intentionally and data was collected through a semi-structured interview guide and data analysis followed an inductive process. Results indicated that following psychosocial determinants of the sedentary behavior in older adults: strength of habit, compensatory behaviors, positive representation of sedentary behaviors and social support. It seems that sedentary behaviors of elderly can be determined by automatic and intentional processes. The older adults may also use cognitive strategies with the intent to compensate for sitting time through active behaviors and social support of older adults can contribute to the promotion of sedentary time or the interruption of the same. In this way, the understanding of psychosocial factors constitutes an important contribution to the explanation of the sedentary time of older adults

Determinants of the Intention to Use Performance-Enhancing Substances Among Portuguese Gym Users.

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the intentions to use prohibited performance-enhancing substances (PES) and to test the Theory of Planned Behavior's usefulness in predicting self-reported PES use in both genders. A convenience sample of Portuguese gym users (n = 453) completed an anonymous web-based survey. Structural equation modeling, multigroup analysis, and t-test with the Welch correction for heterokedastic variances were used. At the structural level, results support attitudes, beliefs, and subjective norms in predicting intentions to PES use in gym users, with subjective norms being its strongest predictor. Moreover, results showed a significant association between self-reported PES use and intentions to use. The predictive model was invariant across genders; however, compared to males, females believed less in the performance-enhancing effects of PES, were less prone to the influence of significant others, and had weaker intentions to use these substances. Psychological strategies should be based on subjective norms, alongside beliefs and attitudes, toward PES use as these variables influence the intention to use PES in this particular population.

Anxiety in Athletes: Gender and Type of Sport Differences.

The study of anxiety, specifically its relations with sociodemographic variables, has been fruitfull in sport psychology research. This study aimed to investigate athletes' sport anxiety regarding differences in gender and sport played. An application of structural equation modeling was made, with 601 Portuguese athletes. From them 172 (28.6%) were female and 429 (71.4%) were male. They competed in a variety of individual (e.g., athletics, climbing, orienteering, surfing, swimming, tennis; 42.6%) and team sports (e.g., basketball, handball, rugby, soccer, volleyball; 57.4%). Participants' age ranged from 12 to 47 years (M = 17.44 years; SD = 4.99). After testing the measurement invariance of the first and second-order models, across gender and type of sport (individual vs. team), latent mean comparisons were investigated and Cohen's d (1988) statistic was computed to obtain the corresponding effect sizes (Kline, 2016). Significant differences were detected between male and female athletes and between individual and team sports. Female and individual sports athletes presented higher levels of general sports anxiety.The results of this research provided evidence that anxiety is appraised differently by athletes based on their gender and type of sport.

El estudio de la ansiedad, ha sido fructífero en la investigación en Psicología del Deporte. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la ansiedad deportiva de los atletas, con respecto a su género y el tipo de deporte. Se aplicó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales con 601 atletas portugueses. De ellos, 172 (28.6%) eran mujeres y 429 (71.4%) eran hombres. Competían en modalidades individuales (por ejemplo, atletismo, escalada, orientación, surf, natación, tenis; 42.6%) y deportes de equipo (por ejemplo, baloncesto,balonmano, rugby, fútbol, voleibol; 57.4%). La edad de los participantes osciló entre 12 y 47 años (M = 17.44 años; SD = 4.99). Se investigaron la invariancia de medición y las comparaciones de medias latentes. Se detectaron diferencias significativas entre los atletas masculinos y femeninos y entre los deportes individuales y de equipo. Las atletas femininas y los atletas de deportes individuales presentaron niveles más altos de ansiedad deportiva general. Los resultados de esta investigación proporcionaron evidencia de que la ansiedad es apreciada de manera diferente por los atletas, con respecto a su género y tipo de deporte.

Psychometric properties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit)

Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric proprieties of the Questionnaire of Attitudes towards Doping in Fitness (QAD-Fit), originally developed by Serpa and colleagues and adapted to Portuguese gym/fitness context. Methods: A cross-sectional survey utilizing a web self-administered questionnaire was used. The sample was composed of 453 gym/fitness center practitioners, aged between sixteen and seventy-nine years old (M = 35.64; SD = 13.08), enrolled in several gym activities. Results: The confirmatory factorial analysis provided support to the four-factor structure proposed. All factors displayed good internal consistency, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. The multi-group analysis revealed cross-validity and the model´s invariance. The correlation between QAD-Fit and the Doping-related Theory of Planned Behavior Measures (DRTPBM) revealed evidence of its concurrent validity. Conclusion: The findings of this research revealed that QAD-Fit is a psychometrically valid and reliable instrument to assess attitudes towards doping consumption in gym and fitness settings.

Psychosocial factors and performance enhancing substances in gym users: A systematic review / Factores psicosociales y sustancias que mejoran el rendimiento en usuarios de gimnasios: Una revisión sistemática / Fatores Psicossociais e Substâncias que Melhoram o Desempenho em Usuários de Ginásio: Uma Revisão Sistemática

The use of performance-enhancing substances (PES) occurs among gym/fitness center users. This systematic review aimed to analyze studies describing prevalence, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, as conceptualized in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), influenced by the use of PES by this population. Twenty-six articles were identified from a systematic approach following the PRISMA statement via electronic databases (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On and Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection) and hand-searching bibliographies of reference lists. Only peer-reviewed primary research published in English, Portuguese and Spanish (1997-2016), focusing on gym/fitness center users and providing information on psychosocial factors (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, intention, social influence/ peer pressure) towards using PES, were included. It was concluded that the most prevalent substance used were anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). Attitudes of male bodybuilders using AAS as the prevalent drug are mainly related to aesthetic issues. Important influences come from groups (e.g., friends, training colleagues) and instructors. Although some AAS users indicated a general lack of knowledge of the potentially harmful effects of these drugs, others were aware of the side effects. The TPB illustrated a relationship between psychosocial factors influencing gym users to use PES

El uso de sustancias que mejoran el rendimiento (PES) ocurre entre los practicantes de gimnasio / fitness. Esta revisión sistemática tuvo como objetivo analizar estudios que describen la prevalecía, las actitudes, las creencias y el conocimiento, de acuerdo con el conceptualizado en la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado (TPB), influenciado por el uso de PES en esta población. Veintiséis artículos fueron identificados a partir de un enfoque sistemático, utilizando el PRISMA a través de bases de datos electrónicas (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On and Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection) e búsquedas manuales de bibliografías a partir de listas de referencia. Sólo los estudios primarios revisados por pares, publicado en inglés, portugués y español (1997-2016), cuya población de estudio fueron la práctica de gimnasia /fitness y proporcionar información sobre los factores psicosociales (e.g., actitudes, creencias, intención, influencia social /presión de grupo) para el uso de PES, se incluyeron. Se concluyó que la PES más prevalente eran los esteroides anabolizantes (AAS). Las actitudes positivas ante el consumo de AAS, por parte de los culturistas están relacionadas principalmente con cuestiones estéticas. Importantes influencias provienen de grupos (e.g., amigos, compañeros de entrenamiento) e instructores. Aunque algunos consumidores de AAS indicaban una falta general de conocimiento sobre los efectos potencialmente nocivos de estas drogas, otros estaban conscientes de los efectos colaterales. La TPB demostró una relación entre los factores psicosociales que influencian a los practicantes de gimnasio / fitness para usar PES

A utilização de substâncias que melhoram o desempenho (PES) ocorre entre os utilizadores de ginásios e centros de fitness. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objetivo analisar estudos que descrevem prevalências, atitudes, crenças e conhecimentos, conforme o preconizado na Teoria do Comportamento Planeado (TPB), influenciados pela utilização de PES nesta população específica. Vinte e seis artigos foram identificados a partir de uma abordagem sistemática seguindo o método PRISMA através de bases de dados eletrónicas (SPORTDiscusTM, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, B-On e Psicologia e Behavioral Science Collection) e pesquisa manual de bibliografia nas listas de referências. Foram apenas incluídos artigos de pesquisa primária revistos por pares e publicados em inglês, português e espanhol (1997-2016), cuja população em estudo fossem utilizadores de ginásios e centros de fitness e fornecessem informações acerca de fatores psicossociais (ex., atitudes, crenças, intenções, influência social / pressão dos colegas) para a utilização de PES. Concluiu-se que as substâncias mais utilizadas foram os esteroides anabólicos androgénicos (EAA). As atitudes dos praticantes de musculação masculinos que utilizam EAA como droga prevalente estão relacionadas principalmente com questões estéticas. Os grupos (ex., amigos, colegas de treino) e instrutores têm uma influência importante na utilização deste tipo de substâncias. Embora alguns utilizadores de EAA indiquem uma falta geral de conhecimento dos efeitos potencialmente prejudiciais dessas substâncias, outros estão cientes dos efeitos colaterais. A TPB permitiu demostrar que existe uma relação entre os fatores psicossociais que influenciam os utilizadores de ginásios a usar PES

The Mindfulness- Based Soccer Program (MBSoccerP): Effects on Elite Athletes / El Programa Basado en Mindfulness nel Fútbol (MBSoccerP): Efectos en los Atletas de Élite / Programa baseado no Mindfulness para Futebol Profissional (MBSoccerP): estudo de eficácia em Atletas de Elite

Newly, 3º wave CBT programs suggest that mindfulness-based programs might be an powerful strategy to optimize performance and improve flow. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based soccer program (MBSoccerP) on elite soccer athletes. In a quasi-experimental design with experimental (n = 28) and control group (n = 29), the effectiveness of MBSoccerP was tested. The results of an analysis of covariance with repeated measures indicate that the intervention group (M=25.68, SD=3.42) significantly improved in FFMQ_Act awareness, FFMQ_Non react, SCS-Mindfulness, SCS-Self-Kindness, SCS-Common-Humanity, DFS2-total, and decreased BSI-Anxiety and AAQ-II, as traits compared to the control group, and increase direct measures scores of sport performance FAIP-A-global and FAIP-T-global performance. Results suggest that MBSoccerP can be effective in enhance elite soccer performance, self-compassion, psychological flexibility, mindfulness and flow

Recientemente, los programas de Terapia cognitiva conductual (TCC) de 3ª generación sugieren que los programas basados en el mindfulness pueden ser una estrategia poderosa para optimizar el rendimiento y mejorar el estado de flow. El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la eficacia de un programa de mindfulness (MBSoccerP) en atletas de fútbol profesional. En un plano cuasi-experimental con grupo experimental (n = 28) y grupo de control (n = 29), se probó la eficacia del MBSoccerP. Los resultados del análisis de covariancia con medidas repetidas indicaron que el grupo experimental (M = 25.68, SD = 3.42) mejoró significativamente el Mindfulness agir consciente, Mindfulness Agir Consciente y Mindfulness No Reaccionar subescalas, la Autocompasión Mindfulness, Autocompasión Auto-bondad, y la Autocompasión Humanidad Común subescalas, el estado de flow total escala, y desempeño deportivo total y entrenador total indicador. Se verificó la disminución de Breve inventario de sintomas Ansiedad subescala y evitación experiencial escala, en comparación con el grupo de control. Los resultados sugieren que MBSoccerP puede ser efectivo en la optimización del rendimiento, mindfulness, autocompasión, flexibilidad psicológica y estado de flow

Recentemente, a Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental (TCC) de 3º geração sugere que os programas baseados no mindfulness podem ser uma estratégia útil e eficaz na otimização do desempenho e melhoria do estado de flow. O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a eficácia de um programa de mindfulness em atletas de futebol profissional - 2ª liga (MBSoccerP). Num plano quase-experimental com grupo experimental (n = 28) e grupo de controle (n = 29), foi testado o impacto do programa MBSoccerP. Os resultados da análise da covariância (medidas repetidas), indicaram que o grupo experimental (M = 25.68, SD = 3.42) melhorou significativamente nas subescalas Mindfulness Agir Consciente, Mindfulness Não Reagir; nas subescalas Auto-compaixão Mindfulness, Autobondade e Condição Humana; na escala de Flow Disposicional, e desempenho desportivo global dos atletas pela Ficha de Avaliação de Indicadores da Performance-Versão Atleta/Treinador. Verificou-se ainda a diminuição na subescala Ansiedade do Inventário de Sintomas Breve e no evitamento experiencial, por comparação com o grupo de controlo. Os resultados sugerem que o MBSoccerP pode ser efetivo na otimização do desempenho, mindfulness, autocompaixão, flexibilidade psicológica e estado de flow